Comparative study on different Anammox systems iii Dedicated to my parents

.................................................................................................................................................... 1 I – INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 2 II – BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................... 2 II-1. The Anammox process .................................................................................................................................. 2 Nitrogen cycle and the discovery of the Anammox process .............................................................................................................. 2 Brief process overview ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Application of the Anammox bacteria .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Summary....................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 II-2. Landfill leachate characteristics and treatment methods for nitrogen elimination ........................................ 9 Landfill leachate generation ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Landfill leachate composition ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 Landfill leachate treatment review – nitrogen removal .................................................................................................................. 11 Summary..................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 II-3. Reject water characteristics and treatment method for nitrogen removal .................................................. 15 Chemical and physical methods .................................................................................................................................................... 16 Biological treatment ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Summary..................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 III – AIM OF THE THESIS ......................................................................................................................... 19 IV – MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................................... 19 IV-1. Membrane assisted bioreactor (MBR) ......................................................................................................... 19 Reactor operation ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Analytical procedure .................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Membrane cartridge ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Batch tests ................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 IV-2. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) – Two step process ........................................................................ 21 Reactor operation ......................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Biofilm carrier material ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 Analytical procedure .................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Batch tests ................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 IV-3. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) – one step process .......................................................................... 24 Reactor operation ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Determination of the dry weight of biomass developed on Kaldnes cerrier ....................................................................................... 25 Batch tests ................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Oxygen uptake rates tests ............................................................................................................................................................ 25 IV-4. Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) .......................................................................................................... 26 Reactor operation ......................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Analytical procedure .................................................................................................................................................................... 28 FISH – Fluorescent in situ Hybridization .................................................................................................................................. 28 Denitrifying bacteria analysis ....................................................................................................................................................... 29 Grzegorz Cema TRITA LWR PhD Thesis 1053 viii Batch tests ................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 V – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 29 V-1. Membrane Assisted Bioreactor (MBR) ......................................................................................................... 29 Process performance evaluation ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 Nitrogen conversion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 33 V-2. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor – two step process ......................................................................................... 34 Process performance evaluation ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 Assessment of bacterial activity in biofilm and activated sludge ..................................................................................................... 37 Estimation of kinetic parameters ................................................................................................................................................. 39 V-3. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor –from two-step towards one-step process ..................................................... 40 V-4. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor – one-step process ......................................................................................... 41 Process performance evaluation ..................................................................................................................................................... 41 Influence of conditions in the pilot-plant on nitrogen removal dynamics ......................................................................................... 44 Dissolved oxygen influence on the nitrogen removal rate ................................................................................................................ 44 Evaluation of kinetic parameters ................................................................................................................................................. 45 V-5. Rotating Biological Reactor – two step process............................................................................................ 46 Process performance evaluation ..................................................................................................................................................... 46 Kinetic evaluation of process ......................................................................................................................................................... 49 Looking for bacteria populations ................................................................................................................................................. 49 V-6. Rotating Biological Reactor – one-step process ........................................................................................... 51 Process performance evaluation ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 Nitrogen conversion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 52 Kinetic evaluation of process ......................................................................................................................................................... 52 Looking for bacteria populations ................................................................................................................................................. 53 VI – SYSTEMS COMPARISON ................................................................................................................... 54 VII – CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................. 58 Membrane assisted BioReactor (MBR) ....................................................................................................................................... 58 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) – two-step process ............................................................................................................ 59 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) – one-step process ............................................................................................................ 59 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) – two-step process .............................................................................................................. 60 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) – one-step process .............................................................................................................. 60 General ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 61 VIII – FUTURE RESEARCH ....................................................................................................................... 61 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 63 Comparative study on different Anammox systems ix ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS A – disc surface area, [m] AAOB – anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria Anammox – Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation AOB – aerobic Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria AOX – adsorbable organic halogen ATP – Adenosine5’-triphosphate